An electrode for a lithium secondary battery, the electrode including: an electrode active material; and a composite including a clay and a polymer intercalated between layers of the clay, a method of manufacturing the electrode, and a lithium secondary battery including the electrode. The spinal mobility preservation apparatus may include a proximal body, an intermediate body, a distal body, and an expandable membrane. The bus electrodes are for example made of a layered body including a white Ag thin film and a black RuO2 thin film. A third embodiment provides a green roof stormwater treatment system that includes protection for waterproofing and insulating the roof, a pollution control media layer for filtration and sorption of solids and dissolved materials found in stormwater, a growing media for growing vegetation, and a cistern to store the runoff stormwater between irrigation events.