An MR element has a pinned layer, a spacer layer, and a free layer successively stacked in the order named. The inventive spin valve comprises two ferromagnetic electrode layers, and a non-magnetic conducting layer positioned therebetween. An electro deposition start section is formed on the substrate and is exposed from the opening. The post-transmission processing module is structured and configured to further processes the signal based upon, for example, the listening environment, profile, etc.