An image forming apparatus and method which can take a countermeasure against a tail or the like in consideration of differences of various conditions such as a kind of transfer paper and the like is provided. In preferred embodiments the LEDs are configured such that their emission axis is substantially orthogonal to the emission axis of the spotlight and the reflector comprises a respective parabolic light reflective surface portion associated with a respective one of the LEDs. Also included is an antibody which specifically binds to the proteins and nucleic acid encoding the same, as well as methods of preventing and treating a poxvirus infection using the afore-mentioned vaccine, antibody, protein, and nucleic acid encoding them. The conductive layer may be either two or three dimensional and may be a closed three dimensional shape. The disclosed techniquesarchitecture can be implemented in a wide variety of signal generatorssystems, such as a direct digital synthesizer -based system, and over a wide range of input clock frequencies. In addition, the timers can have expiration times related to aspects of connection, such as a protocol utilized thereover, connection quality, andor the like.