A gas regulator is provided for regulating the pressure of a gas flowing from a source of the gas under pressure to a device for using the gas. The central gateway is configured to interface the monitoring system to a WAN. The present depth of discharge of the battery is determined and a database is accessed to determine a corresponding value of open circuit voltage. If the broadcaster recognizes an object, the broadcaster sends a recognition result to the server. The passage plate and the nozzle plate are formed of photoresist, and an adhesion layer formed of silicon-family low-temperature deposition material at a temperature limited by the characteristics of the passage plate is disposed between the passage plate and the nozzle plate.