A yoke housing accommodates an armature having a coil and has a tubular circumferential wall. The liquid dispensing apparatus includes: sample dispensing arm 5 which comprises a dispensing nozzle 54b for aspirating and discharging sample on which a pipette tip 200 is attached; tip separating section 140 for separating the pipette tip 200 from the dispensing nozzle 54b; and nozzle wiping section 16 for cleaning a tip of the dispensing nozzle 54b. In a preferred method, candidate materials are introduced into the apparatus and their respective performances are analyzed. Implementations describe various permutations of the content of the announcement, the announcement condition, and the announcement recipient. A calculator module may be coupled to the monitor module, the calculator module calculating a calibrated parameter for the adaptive-rate pacing device based on the intrinsic chronotropic response. Information is securely transmitted in both directions between the remote computer and the user input device andor user output device in a manner such that a user of the user input device andor the user output device securely interacts with the remote computer in a manner that cannot be maliciously interfered with by software running on the computer.