A method for increasing the performance of an integrated circuit by reducing the number of dummy gate geometries next to transistors in the speed path of an integrated circuit. The approach is to administer a hypoxia activated prodrug, followed by administration of another chemotherapeutic agent that is not a hypoxia activated prodrug. The sampling device subsequently samples the digital signal with the clock-sampling signal. Depending upon the input materials and the parameters selected to process the waste, including real time economic and other market parameters, the system adjusts co-products output to reflect changing market conditions. Also disclosed are methods and apparatuses for measuring fluid characteristics, such as blood characteristics, including, for example, velocity, flow direction, and pressure in a vascular system.