The present invention pertains to a method for producing a colloidal suspension of zirconia particles, comprising the following successive steps: a) subjecting a mixture of zirconium oxychloride and an alkali metal halide in an aqueous solvent to hydrothermal treatment at a temperature above 150\xb0 C. In the semiconductor device, impurity ions having a p-type conduction, e. Each module includes a shield element, one or more insulating elements coupled to the shield element, and one or more multipole rods mounted on the insulating elements, wherein the modules are coupled together to form the multipole rod assembly such that the multipole rods of the modules define an interior volume for guiding or trapping ions. A target quantization parameter is acquired according to the output target bit by utilizing a nonlinear code rate control model. Medical devices surface-treated with mannopyranoside-derived compounds according to the invention also form part of the invention.