Methods of programming a RRAM device are provided. The first active sealing system engages a first surface of the panel or a first surface of the frame. The guiding arms are slidably disposed in the holes so that the valve member is supported and guided by the guiding arms passing through the holes. In one embodiment of the invention the required high electron density in the ionization volume is realized by placing a field emitter close to the ionization volume, without optics between source and ionization volume. Various embodiments provide for pH-mediated sample concentration and cleanup of nucleic acid samples with channel devices.