An optimization framework for spectrum sharing in white space bands formulates an objective function as a linear function of channels and power levels, and constructs a linear set of equations based on a general graph model according to constraints, including spectrum usage regulations andor resource re-use constraints. The directional pixel receives a planar lightbeam and includes a light propagating layer and a grating to scatter a portion of the planar lightbeam into a directional lightbeam having a direction and angular spread controlled by the grating. Weather information is also used to audit weather-dependent work allegedly performed at the work locations to provide financial controls to the aggregated weather-dependent work in compliance with law and regulation. 709, in which optical signals undergo optical to electrical conversion and are fed to an electrical space switching matrix including a plurality of the switch modules electrically interconnected by means of internal electrical signal paths such as a backplane or electrical cables. An insulation layer with contact holes is formed, and a metal layer is formed thereover.