A turbo decoder in which a sliding-block MAP decoder pipelines the forward-propagating and backward-propagating computations. The transgenic plants express a mutant AL3C3 geminivirus protein, which increases resistance to infection by at least one geminivirus, compared to a non-transformed control plant. Moreover, the plurality of non-volatile memory cells may include a plurality of data blocks of non-volatile memory cells, a plurality of reserved blocks of non-volatile memory cells, and at least one management block of non-volatile memory cells.