The present invention relates to a mixing element and an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine. A fuel including the new oxygenated fuel additive is disclosed, where the additive is a cyclic ester or lactone. Data to be corrected by the correction circuit has a difference in time of a predetermined lapse of time with respect to input image data. A densification step may be optionally carried out until the desired porositydensity of the ceramic matrix composite is achieved. A policy enforcer can also perform obligation and remediation operations as a part of rule evaluation. Furthermore, the underlying layer film is etched using the intermediate layer pattern as a mask, thereby obtaining an underlying layer film pattern.