An LED lighting device includes a converter for converting a power source voltage into a DC voltage and outputting it to an LED unit; and a controller for controlling an output of the converter. This system may allow per-primitive operations to be performed in the geometry chips, and also allow use of a vertex data interface for sending vertex data to the rasterization chips. In some embodiments, the circuitry may include a write driver, a read driver, a sense amplifier, and circuitry to isolate the memory cells from the sense amplifier with extended refresh. The dynamics model arrangement obtains a current command provided to the first coil and provides a first signal based on the current command.