An apparatus includes a supporting base material that supports an element, a heat-dissipating member on which the supporting base material is installed, and an adhesive layer disposed between the heat-dissipating member and the supporting base material. The system and method include a transmitter configured to pair symbols and transmit at least one the paired symbols and an orphan symbol using a Frequency Shift Transmit Diversity scheme. Each conductive wire includes a core wire and an insulator that covering the core wire. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed methods also include treating a tumor with radiation therapy, chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, or combinations thereof. The device is applied to the skin of a living animal, causing the microprojections to pierce the stratum corneum and deliver an effective dose of the agent to the animal. The successive values of a parity bit are updated according to the successive values of the horizontal phase.