Novel cyclic compounds and salts thereof, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods of using such compounds in the treatment of protein tyrosine kinase-associated disorders such as immunologic and oncologic disorders. In this circuit and switch, deep crosspoint buffers are replaced with smaller distributed buffers. A plurality of ball supply ports and holes is formed in the guide rail in a longitudinal direction. Processing circuitry may be provided that is configured to produce a sperm count andor sperm motility measurements by processing data from scattered light intensity measurements. The foregroundbackground separation module receives the image signal and the decision signal, and outputs a foreground signal and a background signal, a representation of the current pixel of the image signal being included in at least one of the foreground signal and the background signal in accordance with the decision signal. Methods for identifying modulators of HisRS, comprising screening for agents that modulate the activity of HisRS are provided.