Non-volatile resistive random access memory crossbar devices and methods of fabricating the same are provided herein. The measuring uncertainty andor maximum measuring error or the tester is then derived from the determined value of PDL of the verification element in conjunction with the actual value of PDL of the verification element. The system construction guide server has a function of presenting the work plan information to the target system corresponding to an access from the operator terminal, and the work plan information includes work content information indicating work contents for constructing units constituting the target system. Each of the versions of mapping metadata specifies a respective list of some or all of the partitions and an approach for mapping the key value to one of the partitions. A semiconductor light emitting device comprises the semiconductor layer and may be constituted as a semiconductor laser or a light emitting diode. The bridging computing device may optionally bridge a corresponding call andor enable another bridging device to bridge the call.