A lithographic apparatus is disclosed that includes an encoder type sensor system configured to measure a position of a substrate table of the lithographic apparatus relative to a reference structure. This implant includes fasteners which firmly attach it to vertebrae adjacent to excised tissue so as to transmit tension and torsional loads to and from those vertebrae. The search algorithm relies on a decision tree to identify optimum parameter configurations. A delay circuit provides a delay between the time the first switch is turned off and the second switch is turned on.