A method and an apparatus for generating a plasma, and a method and an apparatus for manufacturing a semiconductor device using the plasma. An exemplary method includes receiving an object in a browser that is included in a client device. Discrete conductive elements are attached to the conductive traces and extend below a back surface of the image sensor chip. Methods of inspecting an object include forming a detector array by moving a second radiation detector into a predefined alignment with a first radiation detector, illuminating the object with a pencil beam of penetrating radiation, and detecting backscattered radiation with the detector array. The client uses this prime number to calculate X=gx mod P, wherein x is a random number generated by the client. The gel electrolyte includes: a redox couple generated from a polymer-iodine complex and an iodide salt; inorganic nanoparticles; and a high-viscosity organic solvent.