An advantage of the invention is to provide a master alloy used in a casting of a modified copper alloy, grains of which can be refined during a melt-solidification, and also a method of casting a modified copper alloy using the same. An estimate of the time needed to travel between the user’s location and the location of the appointment cam be determined by retrieving location information from a global address list, a local address book of a calendaring application, from a map service, or other location determining technology. Voltage HVCCF that is applied across the two electrodes of the capacitor fuse is a voltage of the same level as the voltage that is applied to normal memory cells, and the reliability of the semiconductor memory device is therefore improved. The buffer stores a current step and one or more previous steps in the movement of the automated machine.