An actuator includes a frame, a driver portion having one end connected to an inside of the frame, a movable portion connected to another end of the driver portion, and an electrode provided at the movable portion. When a variation in an engine operating state per unit time during the operation of the engine becomes a predetermined value or greater, the choke valve is automatically moved to the fully open position to thereby bring the engine back to the normal operating state immediately. In one embodiment, the fabrication of a disk electrode involves sealing a sharpened internal signal transduction element into a substrate, followed by polishing of the substrate until a nanometer-sized disk of the ISTE is exposed. The AP may determine available bandwidths of the candidate paths based, at least in part, on availability of communication channels of the candidate paths. The substitutions on the phenyl ring and on the heteroaromatic ring may take place in any position on said ring systems; are disclosed and claimed in the present application, as well as salts and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the novel compounds and their use in therapy, in particular in the management of pain, anxiety and functional gastrointestinal disorders.