A number of photoelectric conversion elements are disposed in a plurality of rows and columns in a pixel shift layout, and an analogdigital conversion unit is provided per two photoelectric conversion element columns to form a MOS type solid-state image pickup device. 5 or the corresponding protonated compounds in total; and iii) at least 100 wppm anions or compounds that can dissociate to form anions in total, where the wppm are based on the weight of hydrogen peroxide and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide is more than 50% by weight based on the total weight of the hydrogen peroxide solution. A first optical waveguide includes the first unetched portion and a first total internal reflection boundary between the first unetched portion and the at least one etched portion. In some embodiments, ultrasound or other imaging technologies can be used to locate a joint or other targeted anatomical location.