Multi-stage fixing systems for fixing toner to a substrate, printing apparatuses and methods of fixing marking material to a substrate are provided. The invention also relates to processes for making the compounds of formula and methods of using the compounds of formula as reagents in organic synthesis. The second electrode comprises a second surface. Electromagnetic energy is coupled into the heating waveguide to heat the contents of the tube. , the minimum engine speed is set to no greater than 900 rpm; and when the temperature of the automatic transmission fluid is above 210\xb0 F.