A binding device is provided for holding sheets of paper and other material of diverse sizes and shapes which allows the papermaterial to be easily removed and reinserted. Also, a hydrolyzate of Calendula officinalis flowers including oligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization of between 2 and 10, of fructose and glucose, with the compositions including it, and a cosmetic skin-care process. 5 to 3 m and has a substantially flat surface. This step scales up a numerator for a ratio. Furthermore, apparatus can operate in a parasitic manner where, for example, produced syngas can be utilized to heat apparatus components and exhaust gas can power a turbine to compress feed air.