The present invention relates to a lithographic apparatus and a method of using the apparatus in the manufacture of a device such as an integrated circuit. The systems and methods include a surgical orientation device, a reference sensor device, and at least one orthopedic fixture. This circuit uses analog multipliers and analog adderssubtracters, and has a function to cancel interference produced in different directions. Bonded phases using such compounds and substrates having such compounds bonded to their surface are also described, as well as a method for preparing a bonded phase.