An image pickup apparatus includes the following units. The shank includes a first shank end and a second shank end opposite the first shank end. A microprocessor calculates a specific period oxygen storage amount of a catalyst while the upstream oxygen concentration is higher than the stoichiometric concentration and the downstream oxygen concentration is in a predetermined concentration range which has a value approximately equal to the stoichiometric oxygen concentration. The measured airflow is divided into a steady-state and transient term or component with a second difference determined based on the transient component and a target value. In particular, the present invention receives and tracks client travel data and air carrier contract data, analyzes this data and configures the data structure to be used in a goal programming algorithm to determine an optimum travel carrier solution. The power-saving circuit charges one of a positive supply and a negative supply of the dual power in response to the collected charges, during the output buffer stage drives the two adjacent data lines through the positive and negative output channels.