A method for treatment of COPD, hypertension, and left ventricular hypertrophy, and chronic hypoxia including creation of an artificial arterio-venous fistula and installation of a flow mediating device proximate the fistula. The apparatus includes a substrate having a surface. A method for ensuring that the missile strikes the ballistic missile payload section is also proposed. The plurality of first control units generate a plurality of internal control signals according to the voltage level of an output of the voltage sensor. As a result of the judgment, when the same reference frame is selected for all candidate blocks, only the reference frame regarded as most appropriate is made the object of sub-pel search, and the motion prediction vector is detected with sub-pel pixel accuracy.