A wafer of passive components is diced to leave a flat passive chip. Each node maintains a copy of a directory of the virtual distributed storage system. Using the private customer key, a digital customer signature is generated in the electronic device from object data to be signed. The insulating area includes a mass layer and a decoupling layer. At least one of the optical pathways transmits an optical bias and at least one optical pathway is configured to provide an optical input and at least one optical pathway is configured to provide an optical output.