Methods are provided for casting one or more of a semi-conductor, an oxide, and an intermetallic material. The active base station is for receiving data from a source user equipment for onward transmission to a destination user equipment. An end portion of the heat generating element on a downstream side of a liquid flowing direction within the flow path is located between an end portion of the ejection orifice on the downstream side and an end portion of the ejection orifice on an upstream side when viewed from a direction to which the liquid is ejected from the ejection orifice.