In applying an application material 7 containing microcapsules 7 dispersed therein on a transparent film 1 on which an ITO electrode 2 is formed, the application is performed under a condition in which a voltage with polarity opposite to the electrophoretic particles in the microcapsules 7a is applied to the ITO electrode 2. The programmable device testing process generates a data log output with data formatted so that parameter data are associated with unique variable labels. In one embodiment, the apparatus can include a support member configured to carry the microelectronic substrate with a first portion of the first surface exposed and a second portion of the second surface exposed. A method of controlling threshold voltage behavior is described. The preconditioning process presets the magnetization of problematic grains, that is, grains that typically contribute to spurious subpulses on the media, in the direction of the printing field. The compositions can include advantageously high levels of the medium chain peroxycarboxylic acid, can be readily made, andor can exhibit reduced odor.