A method for processing print data to a printer, comprising processing data through an optimized tester, which transforms the data by simplifying each page image while preserving information to enable recognizing identity of each page; and sending the transformed print data to a printer. The method of forming a covalently bound monolayer on a silicon surface comprises the steps of contacting the silicon surface with a C2-C24 alkyne and electrografting optionally substituted alkynes to the silicon surface. The low-frequency audio coder includes a low-frequency noise canceller.