An optical switch includes a microresonator comprising a plurality of nanoparticles. In the resist film removing step, a chemical fluid is sprayed to the resist film formed on the front side of the wafer, thereby removing the resist film. In some implementations, groups of visual representations of related views are presented in the user interface element in compressed or expanded display formats, depending on whether a member of the group corresponds to a currently selected view. , one for inflow and one for outflow, and may have a tapered gap between the ports so that an interference fit is made when the ports are inserted into the catheter. An enzyme capable of catalyzing the electrooxidation or electroreduction of the biomolecule is typically provided as a second electron transfer agent. Direction of reception of warning signals is used to selectively control relaying of warning signals at differentiated warning levels, collision avoidance actions andor in-vehicle warning alarms to operators of vehicles in the vicinity of an event.