A dual-output Mach-Zehnder modulator and configurations of optical transmitters based on the MZM2 which obviate the optical splitter that is typically used to provide keep-alive functionality in redundantly-connected, protected optical networks, SONET add-drop multiplexers, and optical IP routers. A display driving circuit applicable to be used by the display unit is also provided. A first sensor is disposed adjacent to the chain to coincide with the position of the first marker. Also, surface roughness degradation in the {110} wafer can be suppressed. Methods of making the reactive tricalcium phosphate nanoparticles, the cement powder, the cement paste, and cured cement are also provided, as are methods and articles for using the cement.