In an image reader having a static-document reading function and a moving-document reading function, a static-document pressing member is movably arranged on a cover portion and a sheet passing opening is opened or closed by moving the static-document pressing member. The first system may receive one of the first data signals associated with a data frame, determine first synchronization information corresponding to one of the second data signals associated with the data frame, and output the first synchronization information. Additional systems and methods are also presented. A cell and battery are also disclosed incorporating the disclosed positive electrode.