A substrate has an abrasion-resistant diffusion barrier layer system having: a hard base layer including a coating composition based on a polymer containing reactive surface groups; and a nanostructured topcoat obtained by applying a nanoscale composition comprising sol particles andor particulate solids to the basecoat and then curing it. In one embodiment, an apparatus includes detection logic and virtualization logic. Topical formulations containing zeaxanthin can be administered to the skin during the time period of ingesting the oral formulation to further protect the skin and provide an additional darkening of the skin. The diagnostic module is configured to generate, based on the control code, diagnostic data associated with states of the integrated circuit.