1459832624-a79c7a5c-bb5c-4de9-8908-99bc59f188f0

Electromechanical circuits, such as memory cells, and methods for making same are disclosed. An upper housing and a lower housing are not provided. The cleaning treatment is carried out in a wider area of the surface of the substrate than that area to which a catalyst is imparted by the catalyst-imparting treatment.