The invention relates to an apparatus for receiving programs from a plurality of channels, comprising a tuner for tuning to any of the plurality of channels, and an electronic program guide for presenting a schedule of the programs. The scanning optimization manager maintains a non-tamperable record of modifications to files on a volume. Accordingly, exhaust heat-exchanged by the gas cooler is discharged outside without stagnation, and increases in an overload and operation power of the compressor are suppressed and the durability of the compressor can be improved. The electrode includes a first electrode portion which is made of aluminum with a purity of 99. A bilayer substrate including a removable backing layer may allow forward osmosis membranes with reduced supporting layer thickness to be processed on existing manufacturing lines.