An alignment layer to be used for liquid crystal displays each having at least two substrates with liquid crystals sealed therebetween is formed as follows. The composition comprises an oxalate component comprising an oxalate ester and a solvent; an activator component comprising a peroxide, a catalyst, and water; a surfactant; and a fluorescer in admixture with an aqueous bubble-forming solution. Third, fourth and fifth panels are provided. Electrical power and signals may be provided to the temperature sensor through regions intermediate the openings. Methods of manufacturing compound semiconductors using these compositions are also provided.