A receiver includes a filter for filtering a received signal to produce a filtered signal. The components in a model of a system being simulated are converted into multiple numerical equations where each equation corresponds to a component in the system being simulated or a topology equation for the system model. The imaging camera defines an imaging field of view for reading indicia located on a target object. An image of the plurality of disks is created, wherein the image contains the plurality of virtual disks with the plurality of data sets. The central station provides pricing information to the electronic labels that includes assignment instructions linking a calculated price associated with the labels with a price display area. Soft error rate performance for NDR FETs and such memory devices are enhanced by adjusting a location of charge traps in a charge trapping layer that is responsible for effectuating an NDR behavior.