A continuous fastener element including: a coupling head; upper and lower leg portions; and a connecting portion wherein surfaces of the coupling head, the leg portions, and the connecting portion are each formed as a rough surface with a plurality of recesses. A sequential series of first and second video frames are captured based on the first and second camera parameters, and the retroreflective and non-retroreflective object are detected in a camera scene based on the respective first and second video frames of the series. The clock level simulation model is used for simulating operations of resources in units of groups of allowable status transitions of the variables under constraint condition of the resources. The curved profile of the transverse leaf spring with four arcs allows for a bending of the middle region to take place essentially without a change in the tread width. Transformations caused by applying the patch to the first version of the table in the first database instance can be consolidated based on differences between the first version of the table and the second version of the table. The best match being a data point of the profile data space with a signal closest to the reference signal.