In one embodiment, a network device in a network obtains information identifying first storage and second storage. A constricting member is provided for reducing fluid flow within a body canal when in a closed position, and for allowing fluid flow within the body canal when in an open position. The coating material of the substrate layer andor of the wiring structure has a ternary carbide andor a ternary nitride andor carbon. In response to a determination that the producer can output a packet without packet loss, the control unit outputs a grant message to the producer indicating that the producer is permitted to output a packet. The second layer has a second refractive index that is lower than the first refractive index. The plurality of outcomes are stored on a tangible medium or otherwise stored.