A semiconductor rectifier includes a semiconductor substrate having a first type of conductivity. This permits forces to be closely monitored during operation andor automatically adjusted. The repeating pattern can provide improved therapeutic benefits when applied to a patient’s skin. Gate voltages are progressively applied to the gate lines by the gate driver integrated circuit via the set of shorting bars that, in turn, are driven by clock signals received from one or more pattern generators. The metrologies may also be used in advanced process control, in determination of wafer induced shifts, and in the determination of optical proximity corrections.