Methods and apparatus to count people appearing in an image are disclosed. Each memory cell includes a substrate, a source, a drain, a charge storage device, and a gate. In the second mode, the second image carrier is applied with a charging bias and subjected to a destaticizing operation without undergoing a developing operation. A housing having a generally cylindrical socket portion with an inner surface receives the body. Still further, the invention relates to methods for the derivatization and reformulation of the p-GlcNAc.