A non metallic flow through electrodeless conductivity sensor is provided with a conduit having primary and secondary process fluid flowpaths to form a fluid loop. For example, a substrate is provided. The elastic member has a contact portion configured to come into contact with the surface of the member to be cleaned and the contact portion includes a modified layer that contains a cured product of an ultraviolet curable composition containing a acrylate compound; and b. Additional system accuracy may be provided by determining azimuthal position within a beam footprint by determining a handoff location of a signal from a first beam to a second beam, and then mapping handoff information to a closest corresponding azimuthal geographic billing location.