An audio loudness compensation system includes a level sensor receiving an audio input signal and operable to estimate a level of the audio input signal over a first predetermined time period, and a level mapper receiving the estimated level and operable to map the estimated level to a raw audio gain in response to a slope setting and an offset setting. An upper surface of the channel supply layer may define a Schottky electrode accommodation unit. The candidate vectors and the performance vectors are input into a statistical estimator that calculates a statistical parameter, for example, yield, for each candidate vector in accordance with the performance vectors. Prior to conveying the request, the source node is configured to indicate that the request is a non-probing request responsive to determining that none of the plurality of coherency units of the super line are cached in any of the other nodes. The difference signal is measured with respect to a reference signal.