An output-relative signal receiver to test an integrated circuit that provides an output-relative data signal. The robot controller determines a predicted stepping location for the robot such that the robot will be able to maintain a balanced upright position if it steps to that location. Flags are associated with each resource, where the flags may be set to one of two states: a first state or a second state. If the location field is not valid, then the VMM writes the write request information to a storage device; but if the location field is valid, then the VMM encrypts the write request information before writing the write request information to the storage device. The clamping assembly includes a first clamping member and a second clamping member, which are coupled to the first slave gear and the second slave gear respectively. Such methods may include performing one or more golf strikes to impart trajectories to one or more golf balls.