An artificial knee joint, which makes a drag acting on a sliding surface upon bending small so as to evade an extraordinary abrasion and damage of a sliding surface of a tibia component and which prevents an bending angle from being decreased by preventing lifting of a femoral component in a rotational movement. A two-dimensional photonic crystal laser according to the present invention has a laminated structure including an active layer, a first photonic crystal layer having a periodic distribution of refractive index with a first period, and a second photonic crystal layer having a periodic distribution of refractive index with a second period that differs from the first period. A second portion of the second conductive layer corresponding to a second SAW filter is selectively removed using the mask. A method for making the aperture-type and concentric-type electrode structures is described. The ceramic precursor is then reacted so as to convert it to a ceramic.