An image pickup apparatus comprising an array of unit cells, vertical signal lines, and a control circuit. The method provides for fabrication of both high performance FET and low leakage FET devices within the same integrated circuit. Embodiments of waveguides having slots, electrical contacts, and input waveguide couplers are discussed. cooling fluid, wherein the flow of the fluid is proximate, or through an adjacent vicinity of, electrical contact between the cathode and the electrode. The scintillating material is configured such that the matrix material surrounds the micelle formation of the scintillating material.