An image forming apparatus includes a conveyance control unit that controls conveyance of a recording unit. Several solutions for transmission of LF and HF pulses through the same radiation surface are given. The fluid is then disposed between an immersion head of a projection lens system and a semiconductor wafer during an exposure process. Based on a detection result of the detecting unit, the determining unit determines the functional block to verify an abnormal-event operation. TPV’s according to the present invention have improved properties and morphology over known TPV’s prepared in single-stage processes. The method of the invention makes it possible to simultaneously vaporize an aqueous solution of glycerol, to remove the impurities that are present in this solution or that are generated during the evaporation, and to carry out the dehydration reaction of the glycerol to acrolein andor the oxydehydration reaction of the glycerol to acrylic acid.