A planar lightwave circuit type variable optical attenuator with a small polarization dependent loss is provided. Security tools are described that provide different security policies to be enforced based on a location associated with a network environment in which a mobile device is operating. The control device defines automatically the shut-off control setting based on the geographical location. If an unsealed cushioning pad is to be formed, a hollow needle is inserted into one of the first web or the second web. The updating operations include updating the contents of a folder or directory in a local file system as specified in a file at a remote server on the network, and providing automatically updating and populating groups of sites or document pages organized by category.