A method for forming atomic-scale structures on a surface of a substrate on a large-scale includes creating a predetermined amount of surface vacancies on the surface of the substrate by removing an amount of atoms on the surface of the material corresponding to the predetermined amount of the surface vacancies. A throttle shaft is rotatably supported by the throttle body via the bearing portions. The online social network enables multiple degrees of relationships among members of the online social network. Spacers are placed between the optical element and cover glasses to maintain space between the optical element and the cover glasses and assist in distribution of the optical coupling liquid.