According to one aspect of the present invention, a load-transmittal system for a vehicle includes a cross member of a vehicle frame extending substantially perpendicular to a vehicle door. The gate layers and the channel layers are alternatively stacked. The evolution of corrosion induced hydrogen gas evolution is decreased and osseointegration is improved. All the basic irregularity patterns in each block are arranged in a direction perpendicular to the arrangement direction. A mixed signal reception antenna receives the mixed signal and supplies it to an evaluation device. Some embodiments provide methods for using response characteristics of the user’s skin to adjust a gain andor light emission intensity of the heart rate monitor.